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You are here: Agriculture » About Agriculture » Projects and Activities » Future Farming » Future Farming Initiative » Future Farming Initiative Project Pests » Tackling Weeds Part 2

Tackling Weeds Success Stories

Community Management Framework for Blackberry Control

Towong Shire Council in partnership with Upper Murray Landcare Network and the Department of Primary Industries have trialled a joint voluntary management initiative for the control of blackberry within the Upper Murray area towards the council's North-east.

Initiated by the North East Blackberry Action Group (NEBAG), as a committee of the Upper Murray Landcare Network, the program is based on a community led approach to weed control, aiming to foster coordinated and integrated blackberry management within the region.

The project aims to enhance landholder participation within the region through the use of education programs, while also increasing knowledge of public land managers such as council and VicRoads staff.

Notification of the initiative was first sent to landholders within the initial project region, offering a visit by the project manager, Mr. Damian Wall. This visit provided an opportunity for landholders to have infestations mapped and discuss barriers to effective management. Further mapping was also undertaken on adjacent public and private boundaries as well as roadsides.

A mulcher demonstrating blackberry control as part of Blackberry Action Group activities.

The meetings with landowners of private properties infested by blackberry within the target area resulted in a number of three year management contracts being developed between landholders and NEBAG.

Various forms of assistance were offered to landholders by NEBAG, with the majority of participants making co-contributions for the establishment of access tracks and the outlay of control equipment. Signs to display on farm gates to acknowledge participation in the program were made available to landholders.

Education played an integral part in the project, with a project officer employed to aid on-ground control works being undertaken by land managers within the target control area.

Successful trialling of the voluntary management program has established a strong community focus on coordinated blackberry weed management within the region. Partnerships between the Towong Shire Council, Landcare networks, landholders and other public land managers have been developed.

"Long term benefits to weed control and land management have been achieved through appropriate community engagement and support, and through incorporation of relevant training," explained Mr. Wall.

Land heavily infested with blackberry that is now part of the community compliance project area.

Quick Facts

• Partners represented on the North East Blackberry Action Group include VFF, VicRoads, DSE, DPI, NECMA, Parks Victoria, as well as Hancock and Agriwealth Plantations Limited.
• Approximately 40 landholders were visited as part of the program, with the initial project area defined by the geographical boundaries of Burrowye and Walwa Landcare Groups.

Development of Sustainable Neighbourhoods for the Minak Reserve Focus Group

Weed management in the Minak Reserve is a key priority for the focus group.

As part of the Yarra Ranges Shire Council’s Environmental Weed Management Strategy, the threat matrix mapping project was developed to prioritise shire-managed land according to natural and conservation values.

Completion of the mapping project allowed environmental assessment and ranking of approximately 620 council managed sites, and identified the Minak Reserve as the subject for a pilot project.

By working with local community members, the council embarked on the Minak Reserve project to protect the area's biodiversity and address impacts of surrounding urban land use on the reserve.

The project area incorporates the Minak Reserve and relevant stakeholders within the sub-catchment surrounding the vegetated region. A diverse range of stakeholders has been assembled by council to enhance community involvement in the reserves management.

Significant environmental management issues for the Minak Reserve being addressed by the council and stakeholders include weed spread management, impacts on vegetation and waterways from storm and wastewater run-off, fire prevention and indigenous vegetation preservation.

Environmental protection and restoration of Minak Reserve is a key component to the community project, as too is the introduction and use of community-based social marketing concepts.

The social marketing theory aims to identify, understand and positively influence community group and resident attitudes and behaviour towards environmental responsibility and action.

"This is the first time the council has attempted to use a full scale community-based social marketing project in environmental enhancement to better understand, not just what people do, but why they do them," said Caroline Carvalho, Environment Department Manager, Yarra Ranges Shire Council.

On completion of the Minak Reserve pilot project, techniques and concepts for positively influencing stakeholders in community natural resource management will be adapted for use in other local environmental programs and tailored to specific neighbourhood projects.

Reserves and regions of natural significance requiring protection and management will be identified through use of the threat matrix.

"In the long term these techniques will better guide and assist the council's development of environmental programs that effectively allocate resources for greater or more direct environmental benefit," added Ms. Carvalho.

Quick Facts

• Stakeholders taking part in the Minak Reserve pilot project include: community groups; approximately 180 landholders; private and public recreation clubs; environmental groups; VicRoads; Parks Victoria; Melbourne, South East and Yarra Valley Water; CFA; PPWCMA and the Yarra Ranges Shire Council.
• The Yarra Ranges Shire Council manages 765 parcels of land and 2,234 km of roadsides.

MAV Weed Management Case Studies Report

Cover of the Victorian Local Government and Weed Management Case Studies Report.

As the key representative body for Victoria's 79 municipal councils, the Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) initiated, coordinated and developed a case study report on Victorian local government approaches to weed management.

Weed management projects and activities by urban and regional councils during the last three years were documented through 19 case studies. The report also compared evaluation data from a 2002 survey, and showed significant increases in weed management programs over the last few years.

The Victorian Local Government Weed Management Case Studies Report 2006 highlights the level of weed management awareness of councils statewide, the nature of their involvement and the capacity of councils to meet their responsibilities.

The comparison study showed strong interest and action by councils in setting weed management as a high priority within their municipalities. Further research figures also highlighted a significant increase in local council participation, particularly in rural regions where weed management strategies have been developed.

The council case studies were designed to provide information to other councils and industry bodies in highlighting project ideas, processes, and risk management outcomes.

"It is hoped that the valuable information in this report will encourage information sharing not only between councils but with other land managers across the state," Mr. Rob Spence, Chief Executive Officer of the MAV said of the report.

Working with municipal councils in the development of the case studies report allowed a range of barriers to the delivery of pest plant programs to be identified. Capacity and resource limitations, lack of understanding of roles and responsibilities and the need for further partnerships between industry and community have been highlighted as issues to be addressed.

Copies of the weed management report have been made available to stakeholders across the state, including councils, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Department of Primary Industries, and Catchment Management Authorities.

Collaborations between industry groups, municipal councils and land managers is viewed as a necessary and productive method of addressing and working towards solving challenges in weed and land management.

Quick Facts

• SGA is a not-for-profit association, committed to helping home gardeners garden in a way that minimises environmental impacts.
• SGA provides advice on sustainable gardening practices and develops programs for garden centres and professional gardeners to assist them in educating and influencing their customers.
• For further information visit: www.sgaonline.org.au.

Local Government and Linear Reserve Managers Regional Forum Series

The forums provided many organisations with an opportunity to share ideas and information.

Feedback from local government and linear reserve managers identified that there was a need for additional networking and information sharing opportunities amongst program participants.

Through further consultation, participating stakeholders expressed an interest in attending a one-day 'forum style' event that would allow them to engage with other weed managers for the sharing and exchange of ideas, and discussion of common issues.

The forums allowed participants to engage and network with other stakeholders.

To minimise the demands of travelling long distances, three forums were conducted in central regional areas. To guide the planning and direction of the forums, representatives from Municipal Association of Victoria, VicTrack, VicRoads and Department of Primary Industries developed a regional forum framework. Local knowledge was then incorporated from a host municipal council on the format and content best suited to the region, the venue and the stakeholder invitation list.

Each of the forums showcased current and innovative weed management projects through a variety of peer presentations, demonstrations, facilitated discussion and displays. The mix of presenters represented municipal councils, linear reserve managers and other organisations from the region as well as introducing other projects being undertaken in other parts of Victoria.

Vehicle washdown demonstrations were conducted at each of the forums.

Feedback from the evaluation process indicated that the regional forum concept provided a good networking opportunity for partnership development and a way of learning from other organisations involved in weed management.

A typical comment from the event evaluation was; 'It was great to see what surrounding municipalities are achieving'.

The regional forum concept has contributed to increased partnership building and renewed collaborative thinking about how weed management can be undertaken.

Since the forums there has been an increase in collaborative projects in the TWoPL Local Government Grants program.

This model of sharing information amongst peers, compared with a one-way dissemination of information just from governments, resulted in greater engagement of the stakeholders.

Quick Facts

• A forum was held in North East Victoria at Wangaratta, in South East Victoria at Pakenham and in Western Victoria at Horsham.
• The host councils were: Rural City of Wangaratta, Cardinia Shire Council and Rural City of Horsham.
• Overall, 84 organisations attended the forums.
• Municipal councils and linear reserve managers, who were the key target audience, made up 60% of total representation.

Victorian Garden Industry Weeds Forum

One of the presentations given at the industry forum.

The garden industry is an important ally in the battle to prevent invasive plants from being introduced and distributed throughout Victoria.

To provide an opportunity for those involved in the garden industry to come together, to hear and exchange information on weeds, share ideas and issues and to establish contacts for future collaboration, Department of Primary Industries (DPI), Nursery and Garden Industry Victoria (NGIV), Landscape Industries Association Victoria (LIAV) and Sustainable Gardening Australia (SGA) teamed up to present a Victorian Garden Industry Weeds Forum.

"This was the first ever forum that brought together Victoria's leaders in weed management and businesses operating within the garden industry," said DPI Garden Industry Partnerships Officer, Ms. Megan McCarthy.

The panel of presenters answered a variety of questions from forum participants.

The forum consisted of a series of presentations, and discussions on a range of weed management topics such as the impact of weeds, weed risk assessment, legislation, industry initiatives and weed spread prevention actions.

Following the presentations, participants had the chance to peruse expostyle displays that showcased weed specimens, and to network with the presenters, weed experts and colleagues.

The evaluation results from the forum indicated that the organisation, format and content of the forum were very well received and that the event was effective in increasing knowledge of weed and weed related issues and an effective means to exchange information and to network.

Comments obtained through the evaluation process included 'The forum had a good mix of formal presentations, informal chats and static displays. The time of day made it easier to attend.'

The displays of plants and associated information available were also particularly popular and rated as extremely effective in terms of providing information – 74% of respondents rated them a score of five out of five.

As a result of attending the forum, 50% of respondents indicated that they were either 'very' or 'extremely' likely to do something different in their business in relation to weed management.

In the evaluation process a respondent commented 'I will now make customers more aware of the weed issue and the selection of plants.'

"The forum was a good example of how industry can work together with Government and other key stakeholders to get the invasive plant message across," said Mr. Robert Chin, NGIV Industry Development Officer.

Quick Facts

• Forty-five businesses and organisations that operate within the nursery and garden industry attended the forum.
• Participants included retail and wholesale nursery owners, landscape designers and contractors, media, staff from Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne Zoo and horticultural training organisations.

Production of a 'Grow Me Instead' Booklet

The booklet will highlight invasive garden plants that are currently being traded within nurseries.

Many popular and beautiful garden plants have jumped the back fence and become invasive. These garden escapees have invaded agricultural areas and natural places within Victoria, contributing to a loss of productive, social and environmental values.

To help the public understand weeds, how they spread and which plants to purchase instead, the Nursery and Garden Industry Victoria (NGIV) is working closely with the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) to produce a booklet that will provide nurseries and the broader community with suitable alternatives to these invasive garden plants.

The booklet, aptly named 'Grow Me Instead', will highlight some 20 to 30 invasive garden plants that are currently being promoted and traded in nurseries in Victoria, and then offer three or four more environmentally-friendly replacements.

Nurseries will use the booklet to promote suitable alternatives to invasive garden plants.

NGIV has established a weed sub-committee, made up of member nurseries, to help compile the list of weeds and their replacements.

To assist in the selection of the plants, the sub-committee has developed a set of criteria, explains NGIV's Industry Development Officer, Mr. Robert Chin "The invasive garden plants must be currently being sold in the nursery industry in numbers and be well known as a pest plant, and the alternatives must have commercial value and be known not to be 'weedy'."

Mr. Chin can see the booklet, once distributed, making a huge contribution to the environment by influencing the general public to reduce their demand for invasive garden plants.

"This is a tremendous opportunity for our industry to play an active role in helping the environment and at the same time increase sales by offering less invasive options at the garden centre," added Mr. Chin.

The Department of Primary Industries and NGIV, in collaboration with the Horticultural Media Association, will continue to display a range of invasive garden plants at the biggest and most successful garden show in the Southern Hemisphere, the Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show (MIFGS), which attracts more than 110,000 visitors each year.

The nursery industry is committed to minimising the number of invasive plants being planted in Victoria. "Our 'Grow Me Instead' booklet is another informative step in this direction and will become a valuable resource for the industry and gardening public," said Mr. Chin.

Quick Facts

• NGIV is the peak industry body for Victoria's horticultural industry.
• It provides a broad range of member services from professional business advice through to business improvement schemes.
• Its member base covers production, wholesale, retail and allied trades.
• For further information visit www.ngiv.com.au.

Development of Vegetation Management Guidelines

Section of rail track near Bannockburn.

In an industry first, rail companies VicTrack, Australian Rail Track Corporation (ARTC), and Pacific National (PN) have come together to develop standardised vegetation management practices for Victoria.

In an attempt to identify solutions to challenges associated with environmental management of linear reserves, the Victorian Rail Industry Environmental Forum (VRIEF) was established. VRIEF consists of representatives from 10 separate organisations who directed the development of vegetation management guidelines.

A successful revegetation site adjoining a section of rail track.

The guidelines identify processes and best management practice relating to fire management, weed control, biodiversity, legal requirements and routine maintenance practices.

This project was originally developed after it became obvious that with the introduction of privatisation and the need for more cost effective solutions, measures needed to be implemented that brought about long term solutions to vegetation management. Getting together to pool resources and ideas and aligning on-ground activities was seen as the first step.

Vegetation management guidelines are to be established to complement core business activities.

"We didn't realise how long it would take to get everyone to agree on the content of the guidelines, but the end product has been well worth the time and we now have a document that has been endorsed by all those involved," said ARTC's Mr. Wayne Potter.

It is anticipated that processes outlined in the guidelines will be incorporated into core business activities such as track maintenance and running trains in a safe and reliable manner.

"We worked closely with our partners to ensure the guidelines address the challenge of managing overlapping issues such as weed control, biosite protection and fire management whilst adhering to the relevant legislative responsibilities," explained Mr. Potter.

"Ultimately, controlling weeds early and protecting native vegetation is the most time and cost effective management technique. Taking a proactive role means long-term benefits for individual corporations and the surrounding community," said Mr. Potter.

Quick Facts

• VRIEF includes a number of representatives from ARTC, PN, VicTrack, DPI, DSE, DOI, CFA, MAV, Mainco, Landcare and consultants all working together to address rail related issues.
• VRIEF members are working together to ensure a more proactive response to vegetation management in the future.

Rail Companies on Track with Weed Mapping

Rail easements are being managed using RailMap.

The rail industry acknowledges weeds as a serious threat to both their infrastructure and environmental assets within and adjacent to the 20,000 hectares of land it manages within the Victoria's linear corridors.

In an attempt to address these threats the Victorian Rail Industry Environmental Forum (VRIEF) committee was established comprising representatives from major rail authorities: VicTrack (rail easement owner); Pacific National (intrastate lines); and Australian Rail Track Corporation (interstate lines).

The continual interaction between these organisations on the rail network requires a collaborative approach at all levels and is particularly relevant to weed management.

To complement the development of their vegetation management guidelines, VRIEF has embarked on a project to integrate the existing RailMap asset system with state of the art weed mapping database. This technology will allow the rail industry to manage existing infestations more effectively and in line with regional pest management programs.

"Our RailMap Geographic Information System allows us to manage our assets accurately and it is intended that by integrating weed and environmental mapping into this system that the whole rail industry and its contractors will have a one-stop-shop that will greatly enhance our ability to align pest management programs with other organisations," explained Mr. Stephen Hamilton, Environmental Manager with VicTrack.

"It is envisaged that this information will be available to external users, as RailMap currently is, so that we can get more actively involved in complementing community weed management projects by managing weeds on our linear corridors," said Mr. Hamilton.

The system will allow weed maps to be presented via the internet and provide up to date information from a variety of sources including the State Government and other external datasets.

Through the development of new Rail Industry Vegetation Management Guidelines and an integrated mapping system, VRIEF is leading the way and is looking to build on partnerships with other organisations with weed management responsibilities.

Quick Facts

• The rail industry weed information and mapping system will allow external information to be incorporated to provide the most accurate maps possible.
• The integrated weed GIS system has been designed to ensure that it can be updated easily and be accessible to a range of users.
• Further information can be obtained from the VicTrack website: www.victrack.com.au.

VicRoads Needle Grass Management Trial

A mature Chilean needle grass plant found growing on a busy roadside.

VicRoads has identified the spread of weeds along linear corridors as a significant problem affecting the organisation's day to day activities.

Weed species such as South American needle grasses were identified as being spread along linear corridors via the ongoing slashing of roadsides.

To combat this problem VicRoads, in conjunction with Victoria University, Hume City Council and the Department of Primary Industries, designed a project that aimed to minimise the growth and spread of the invasive needle grasses.

The weeds project involved trialling new management methods on established populations of Chilean, Lobed and Cane needle grasses.

The primary intention of the project was to develop management techniques that included mowing as a mechanism to aid weed management, rather than encourage weed spread.

A combination of turf species selection, timing of mowing activities and height selective herbicide application are all being trialled as potential management options.

Ms. Nerilee Kerslake, Senior Environmental Officer, VicRoads, identified the dry conditions as one of the projects primary barriers. "The extremely hot and dry summer inhibited needle grass growth and we found that seeding was virtually non-existent. This in turn hampered our wick wiping treatments. Not to be deterred we continued with the monitoring of the project – taking into account the great success rates we have had so far."

An example of Chilean needle grass seedlings.

It is anticipated that the findings of the trial will be documented in mid 2007 following the completion of the project's final monitoring phase.

Should the project identify an effective management tool, the results of the trial will guide the development of VicRoads' policy relating to the on-ground management of linear
roadside reserves.

"I have realised that the needle grass trial is an important project to the organisation and has potential impacts on how we control and manage our weeds now and into the future," said Ms. Kerslake.

Quick Facts

• Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) has been declared one of Australia's 20 Weeds of National Significance (WONS).
• Chilean needle grass is estimated to have a potential distribution of up to 41 million hectares.

VicRoads – Enhancing Weed Awareness and Management

VicRoads is developing a weed identification guide to complement vehicle hygiene training.

VicRoads manages Victoria's 22,320 km road network, including direct management of approximately 80,000 ha of roadside land.

As a statewide approach to combating weed spread along these corridors, VicRoads has developed a comprehensive vehicle hygiene training and weed awareness program for its staff and contractors.

"By the end of June 2007, sessions will have been conducted in each of the seven VicRoads regions, involving over 200 VicRoads managers, staff and contractors," explained Ms. Sharon MacDonnell, Manager Environmental Services, VicRoads.

The training sessions have been developed in conjunction with the Department of Primary Industries' nationally accredited WeedStop training program, and include a half-day awareness workshop addressing topics such as: weed identification; impacts; how weeds spread; risk management principles; and legal responsibilities. A further full day of practical activities is also provided, with training on weed identification, vehicle hygiene and methods of clean-down.

The training has been specifically tailored to suit VicRoads and includes additional topics related to expenditure, contract management and information on appropriate weed management options.

To complement this training, a weed identification guide is also being developed that will provide additional information about weed identification and control techniques for staff and contractors.

"This will build the capacity of VicRoads to manage and carry-out on-ground works such as weed control contracts, slashing programs and construction and maintenance projects to achieve positive weed management outcomes," said Ms. MacDonnell.

"Furthermore, the training package and weed guide could be readily adopted by other interested organisations," explained Ms. MacDonnell.

Quick Facts

• VicRoads have aligned its training program with the nationally accredited WeedStop program.
• VicRoads have seven regions in Victoria each with environmental officers.
• Aligning the weed guide with the training helps build consistency between staff, managers and contractors.
• For further information visit www.vicroads.vic.gov.au.

Powercor – Leading the Way on Weeds

Powercor vehicles engaged in routine field operations.

In 2002, Powercor developed and implemented the Taking the Lead on Weeds program to deliver a consistent approach to preventing the spread of weeds and plant disease due to their operations. The project was completed in partnership with the Department of Industries (DPI) and Catchment Management Authorities, demonstrating the positive outcomes that can be achieved from government and industry working together.

The Taking the Lead on Weeds program consists of a number of integrated components designed to assist all Powercor staff to prevent the spread and introduction of weeds from private property or public land, above and beyond their legislative obligations under the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994. The project represents a commitment to minimise the environmental impacts of Powercor activities.

Washdown facilities for Powercor vehicles.

The Powercor Australia Environmental Weed guide was developed in partnership with DPI and includes photographs and descriptions of weeds, modes of dispersal and times of seeding. The guide enables staff to identify and investigate the characteristics of priority weeds, and suggests actions to reduce the risk of spread.

A set of general principles and a flow chart were developed, outlining steps to be taken to minimise weed spread and enabling the recording of actions taken. The recording requirements saw the creation of a project checklist used to mitigate the risks of an encountered weed infestation, environmentally sensitive area or an area recognised as clean of weeds or disease.

A new Vehicle Washing Protocol has also been introduced, detailing when, where and how to wash Powercor vehicles. Powercor purchased nine mobile vehicle wash-down units to allow crews at each Powercor depot to clean vehicles on-site.

The Employee Awareness program consisted of more than 50 two-hour training sessions that took place across Victoria involving over 1,000 employees.

The Company Global Information System was updated to include weed infestation information for inter-agency data-sharing with DPI and more comprehensive weed management across the state.

Powercor has assisted the Tackling Weeds on Private Land initiative by advocating prevention of weed spread to other organisations and industry groups. The project information is available to any interested organisations or individuals in the interests of sharing knowledge and protecting environmental, economic and social values.

Quick Facts

• Powercor received an award for its Taking the Lead on Weeds program by the United Nations Association of Australia (UNAA), recognising it as the Best Specific Environmental Initiative at the World Environment Day Awards in June 2003.
• Powercor was also presented with the Victorian Weedbusters Special Achievement Award in 2004.

AFIA Weed Spread Prevention Code of Practice

Potentially weedy material can be transported in fodder machinery.

As the peak body for the Australian Fodder Industry, the Australian Fodder Industry Association (AFIA) is in a unique position to inform members on how they can reduce the risk of weed spread as part of their daily activities.

AFIA has developed a pilot weed spread prevention code of practice (CoP) to be trialled by member contractors. The CoP will later be adapted for producers and other supply-chain participants.

The objective of the project has been to:

• Highlight the threat that weeds pose to social, economic and environmental values;
• Provide mechanisms for producers to evaluate the weed seed contamination of their hay paddocks and the relative threat to other potential importing districts;
• Provide a machinery hygiene protocol for operators of hay-making machinery; and
• Develop a training program, including weed identification, threats, legislation and machinery hygiene.

Tractor and hay baler.

"Ensuring messages are tailored to the needs of members has been a challenge. Agreeing on content – what to include, what to leave out has been a big part of the process," said Mr. Duncan Handley, AFIA Project Officer.

"When finalised, the Code of Practice will assist in ensuring a more consistent approach to the prevention of weed spread for the fodder industry," added Mr. Handley.

The weed spread prevention CoP will contribute to enhancing the reputation of contractors and the fodder industry as a whole. It is hoped that the CoP will assist contractors in implementing simple, time efficient hygiene methods as a part of routine activities.

By adhering to the weed spread prevention CoP, contractors will be taking positive steps in managing their risks associated with weed contamination, and at the same time, promoting themselves as responsible, clean contractors.

"We are committed to ensuring our members are well equipped with the knowledge required to reduce the costly impacts of weeds. This is especially important during times of drought," said Mr. Handley.

Quick Facts

AFIA's key objectives are to:

• Provide a voice for the hay/silage industries through increased communications and industry cohesion;
• Enhance fodder trade through improving the objective measurement of fodder quality; and
• Improve industry competitiveness through reinvesting funds into research and development.

AFIA Square Hay Bale Tracking System

An early prototype of the hay tagging device that attaches tags to large square bales.

AFIA is coordinating the establishment of a hay bale tracking system that will enable buyers of hay to track individual bales through the supply chain to their source of origin if contaminated.

AFIA have also developThe tracking system incorporates two components;

1. The plastic tag which displays a number distinguishing the property and paddock of production.
2. Automated applicator that attaches tags to square bales as they leave the baling chamber.ed a vendor declaration form to assist in the prevention of weed spread. This form can be found on the AFIA website (www.afia.org.au).

Tags are to be attached between two hay string knots to ensure tags are collected when strings are removed eliminating the risk of tags contaminating feed and causing problems for livestock.

A prototype tag that is intended to be fixed to the string of hay bales.

Currently flexible plastic tags are wrapped around the strings of each bale by hand. An automated device will increase farm efficiency at a busy time of the year and assist with the introduction and up take of tracking procedures for the domestic market.

The development of this system has been led by industry to meet the need in the market for such a product.

"A major benefit of this project has been the collaboration between various stakeholders including government, industry and research organisations," said AFIA Executive Officer, Mr. Colin Peace.

Hay tagging aims to increase the traceability of the fodder product.

"Having a widely used effective tracking system will encourage buyers of fodder to favour tagged hay, will be more mindful of hay quality and aware of the traceability of their product, therefore reducing the likelihood of weed contamination," added Mr. Peace.

Fodder contractors who implement the tagging system will have a competitive advantage by being able to promote their business as one that is able to attach the tags.

Producers will also be able to market their product as traceable increasing buyer confidence in the product quality including minimisation of weed contamination, whilst adhering to legislative and social responsibilities.

It is envisaged that in future, tagged, traceable hay will be a preferred product due to the reduced likelihood of weed contamination.

"As well as saving time, the tag should improve customer confidence through better traceability," said Mr. Peace.

Quick Facts

• It has been estimated that Australia produces between 5.5 and 6.5 million tonnes of hay annually. Approximately 700,000 tonnes is exported and 1 million tonnes traded in Victoria each year.

WeedStop Vehicle Hygiene Training for AACA Fodder Contractors

DPI's Michael Moerkerk delivering the WeedStop training in Lake Bolac.

The Australian Agricultural Contractors Association (AACA) has acknowledged its role in assisting in the prevention of weed spread. Following concerns from landholders that contractors had introduced weeds onto private land, AACA was considering its legal position. When approached by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI), the organisation was more than happy to be involved in a joint project.

Three WeedStop training sessions were delivered across the state with about 20 participants at each. AACA and DPI collaborated to ensure the training was tailored to the needs of members. Included was an in depth look at the roles and responsibilities of the fodder industry (contractors in particular), weed identification and classifications of declared weeds. Practical exercises on job planning and clean-down methods to reduce weed spread were very beneficial.

"The best bit was actually inspecting and removing plant material from the baler and tractor. I couldn't believe how much weed material we found in the cabin," said AACA Secretary Mr. Len Smyth.

Len Smyth & Robert Molesworth inspecting a baler for weed seed and material.

Mr. Smyth recognised that persuasion was required in changing the way some contractors regarded weed issues. "When first asked to participate there was a fair bit of resistance, but when told they'd be nationally accredited and it would help prevent litigation they were quick to jump on board."

"Farmers are doing it pretty tough this year and it wasn't easy finding a time that suited everyone, but in the end, members made time, and they were glad they did," explained Mr. Smyth.

AACA is now looking at the possibility of conducting further WeedStop sessions for contractors and the broader community. "We hope to eventually have all members accredited, this will further enhance the reputation of the organisation and the industry," Mr. Smyth said.

Currently the organisation is in the process of developing its own vendor declaration forms in collaboration with the State Government. These will assist in identifying risks and determining the level of clean-down required for machinery when leaving private property.

"We've given our members the knowledge to be better and more efficient in their jobs, now it's up to them to promote that fact," Mr. Smyth said.

Quick Facts

• AACA is the umbrella group for the Western Victoria, West Gippsland, South Gippsland, Northern Victoria and East Gippsland Contractors Associations.
• AACA and its affiliated groups have over 250 members from across the Victoria.
• For more information on AACA, refer to the website www.agcontracting.org.au/about.php.

WeedStop Vehicle Hygiene Program

Michael Moerkerk demonstrating correct vehicle hygiene techniques.

Various staff and contractors from the fodder industry, municipal councils, VicRoads and the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) have taken part in the training program and implementation of hygiene practices known as WeedStop.

Designed and initiated by DPI, the program focuses on the adoption of efficient and thorough vehicle hygiene practices in the prevention of weed spread.

The program consists of a training workshop that provides a Certificate II course in weed biology and identification, reduction of weed movement through appropriate job planning, the inspection and cleaning of machinery and other equipment, relevant industry legislation and appropriate record keeping and reporting.

"WeedStop training is a strategy designed to increase awareness of weed spread by vehicles and machinery, and provides practical techniques to minimise the risk of this happening," said Mr. Michael Moerkerk, DPI WeedStop Training Officer – Technical Specialist Weeds.

Representatives from each of the participating organisations coordinated staff and contractors to undertake the training process, with the intention of incorporating practices into everyday field work and management plans.

"The WeedStop program has been adopted by numerous agencies and industry groups across Victoria and interstate. Understanding weed seed movement and hygiene practices within specific settings creates protection from new weed infestations, as well as pest and disease introductions," said Mr. Moerkerk.

Over 1,100 people have undertaken the WeedStop training since the commencement of the program, and 828 certificates have been issued since May 2005. Participants have included Victorian Government agency staff, local government, VicRoads, agricultural contractors, agricultural students, and a number of interstate agencies.

Evaluation findings have shown a 42% increase (from 28% to 70%) in the proportion of council staff who feel that they now inspect and clean their vehicles and machinery often enough to minimise the spread of weeds, since attending WeedStop training. Comments from respondents include:
'I know better practices now', 'I now understand the importance' and
'I now do it (inspect and clean vehicle) after every job'.

Victorian Catchment Management Authorities (CMAs), linear reserve managers and other municipal councils have expressed interest in undertaking further staff training workshops in the coming year and to incorporate WeedStop into standard business practices.

Future developments in the WeedStop program are planned through adoption and use of official logbooks, which will act as a tool for recording work locations and hygiene practices undertaken.

"The program aims to provide protection for organisations from litigation and civil action by setting up processes to prevent the spread and introduction of weed species," added Mr. Moerkerk.

Quick Facts

• The WeedStop vehicle hygiene program is relevant for many industries where weed movement is possible, including farmers, councils, earth moving contractors, agricultural consultants, Landcare and friends of groups, CMA's, hay and fodder contractors, stock contractors and government agencies.
• For further information on this program contact the Customer Service Centre on 13 61 86.

Marker Systems Play Key Role in Weed Management

Examples of Greening Australia roadside marker designs used to identify regions of weed infestations, revegetation stands and threatened species habitat.

Industry and agencies across Victoria are trialling marker systems to help manage weeds and protect environmental assets on land for which they are responsible. This strategic approach is helping to prevent weed spread and accidental natural asset destruction resulting from business activities. It is also a useful way to raise community awareness about the importance of weed management and biodiversity protection.

Marker systems vary and are generally developed around the immediate needs of the land manager, keeping in mind their roles and responsibilities relating to weed management and natural asset protection.

Several municipal councils, industries and agencies have undertaken the development or integration of marker systems into their environmental programs and have identified five steps for developing a system that is effective, sustainable and rigorous:

1. Planning: decide on the types of weeds or assets you want to mark and identify in the field: Who will be the primary users of the system? How does it link to your weed or roadside management strategy and regional weed action plans? Are there any other systems that can be linked? Are there any existing systems that can be utilised?
2. Development: develop an easy to use system that is colour coded and uses symbols so that markers in the field can be easily identified from vehicles such as tractor cabins or graders. Make sure your markers can be replaced if damaged and that identification stickers are UV treated. A user guide or specification sheets for each weed or natural asset can provide additional information.
3. Training: concise and practical procedures combined with training for contractors and staff who will use the marker system is vital to the effective use and management of the system. Incorporate procedures into weed management strategies and external contracts.
4. Implementation: link the marker system with a tracking database. A log book system is useful for capturing field notes about treatments, vehicle clean-down, works or other information. A linked mapping system can assist with producing maps for others to use.
5. Monitoring & Evaluation: monitor sites regularly; develop a process that allows feedback from staff, contractors and the community for continuous improvement.

Marker systems can be extremely effective however it is important that the initial planning phase is comprehensive to capture the needs and the outcomes expected from a long term program.

"Planning has been crucial to our EnviroMark system," explains Ms. Christine Corbett, Vegetation and EnviroMark Project Manager, Greening Australia.

An effective marker system uses markers that are easy to see and can be identified from vehicles with limited visibility such as graders and tractors. A coding system that can be quickly recognisable and that can be easily referenced to specification sheets or a user guide is important to make the system practical. Weeds that are low growing and difficult to see rely on visual marking so that vehicle hygiene or specific treatments can be undertaken.

An example of a Greening Australia roadside marker as used in the field.

"In developing our marker system, we originally looked at marking each weed infestation individually," said Mr. Lyall Bond, Environmental Officer, Corangamite Shire Council. "During our trial we found that by targeting specific zones and grouping weeds we could reduce the number of markers required – therefore reducing costs – but it also made it less confusing for the community and our contractors to use."

Providing training for staff, contractors and the community in the use of a marker system is an integral component. Alignment with an existing weed or biodiversity database can streamline data entry and also help to make the marker system usable for day-to-day activities. Linking with a mapping or GIS system can allow other people to access the information for future planning, works or referencing.

"Training has been a vital part of integrating our marker system with our other weed and biodiversity management programs," explains Ms. Carolyn Ferguson, Environment and Pest Plant Officer, Baw Baw Shire Council.

"Our training program has been well accepted by our contractors and staff – we are also starting to get community groups involved now. Together with the user guide, which provides extra information in the field, all users are becoming more confident with the system," explained Ms. Ferguson.

As marker systems generally involve people and groups from the whole community, it is important to monitor how the marker system is working. Capturing feedback from contractors, works crews, management, community groups and private landholders can help build continuous improvement in a practical and collaborative way.

Across Victoria there are many types of marker systems, each tailored to particular needs, outcomes and business requirements. Development of a weed management marker system is a strategic approach that requires long term planning. It can be an extremely useful management tool, particularly in linking weed management with natural asset protection.

The Development of Locally Focussed Weed Publications

A recent study conducted by the Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) found that over half (57%) of Victoria's municipal councils consider weed management to be a high priority issue for their council.

One of the primary objectives of the Tackling Weeds on Private Land initiative was to support municipal councils by providing incentives for innovations in weed management.

Twenty-seven municipal councils received grants for the publication of weed management documents spanning a wide range of approaches.

Some examples of successful publications include:

• Production of an information sheet by Wyndham Shire Council on the benefits of retaining native grasslands and their role in providing competition against weed invasion.
• A 'Grow Me Instead' booklet by the Wellington, East Gippsland and Latrobe Shire Councils.
• Land management guidelines produced by the Loddon Shire, Benalla Rural City and Ararat Rural City Councils, and;
• A number of detailed reports based on evaluation data from projects utilising research and surveys on land and weed management.

One of the highlights of the program was the collaboration between numerous adjoining municipal councils during the development of some of the publications.

This collaboration has enabled a larger cross-section of the community to be engaged, increasing the consistency of key messages delivered.

Close contact between councils and industry bodies has seen the successful creation of many educational and practical publications to aid resource managers across multiple regions.

For many municipal councils the development of these publications has been the first step in the implementation of broader weed management objectives within their municipality. The ongoing implementation of these projects will continue into the future, with many follow-on projects and events already being planned.

A full listing of all publications can be found on page 25.

Quick Facts

• Thirty-three new weed management publications have been produced by 29 of Victoria's municipal councils.

Publications List

Municipal Councils	Publications
Alpine Shire Council	Alpine Shire Weeds – Identification and control of important weeds within the Alpine Shire.
Ararat Shire Council	Weed Identification Booklet.
Bass Coast Shire Council	Compilation of training program survey evaluation results.
Baw Baw Shire Council	Weed Identification Booklet.
Benalla Rural City Council	Weed management strategy produced, including best practice guidelines for terrestrial and aquatic weed management. Results of a trial Cabomba caroliniana displacement program made available.
Bendigo Rural City Council	Weeds of the North Central Region reprint.
Campaspe Shire Council	Weed Management Strategy.
Corangamite Shire Council	Pre-works weed identification site inspection sheet.
East Gippsland Shire Council	Endorsement of Pest Plant Management Plan and Roadside Management Plan.
Frankston City Council	Production of maps for use by Friends groups and works crews.
Golden Plains Shire Council	Local law package, developed with MAV, for use by other councils.
Gannawarra Shire Council	Beware – Gannawarra Shire's Worst Weeds. Evaluation report from landholder survey.
Horsham Rural City Council	Update WEEDeck guide with vehicle hygiene and chemical usage cards.
Loddon Shire Council	Council specific promotional and educational material.
Macedon Ranges Shire Council	Central Victorian Weed Guide reprint.
Municipal Association of Victoria	Victorian Local Government and Weed Management – Case study Report 2006.
Melton Shire Council	Land Management Handbook.
Mitchell Shire Council	Central Victorian Weeds Guide reprint.
Moira Shire Council	Evaluation report produced on roadside management training. Future council resource requirements report produced.
Moorabool Shire Council	Local law package created, in conjunction with MAV for use by other councils. Evaluation report from landholder survey.
Mount Alexander Shire Council	Central Victorian Weed Guide reprint .
Murrindindi Shire Council	Shire weed mapping report.
Pyrenees Shire Council	Production of weed information material (including posters, brochures and booklets).
Queenscliffe Borough Council	Borough Weed Action Plan produced, including weed management procedures and best practice guidelines. Evaluation report from survey completed on community weed awareness levels. Production of weed management booklet.
Strathbogie Shire Council	Who is responsible for weeds on roadsides booklet available via council website.
Wangaratta Rural City Council	Spreading the word: Controlling Weeds evaluation report.
Wellington Shire Council	'Grow Me Instead' booklet.
Wyndham City Council	Information sheet produced on the benefits of retaining native grasslands and its role in providing competition against weed invasion.

Grant Participants and Projects

Municipal Councils	Year	Project Duration (yr)	Project
Alpine Shire Council	2005/06	1	Weed identification and management brochures and strategies within the Alpine Shire.
Ararat Rural City Council	2004/05	2	Creation of a landholders guide to common weeds and indigenous plants of Ararat Rural City.
Banyule City Council	2004/05	2	Implementation of strategic weed mapping of privately owned Yarra River stream frontage in Lower Plenty.
Bass Coast Shire Council	2006/07	1	Roadside management training – Managing High Conservation Roadsides in the Bass Coast Shire.
Baw Baw Shire Council	2004/05	3	Improvement of noxious weed control on roadsides and private property through mapping and development of a GIS based database.
	2005/06	1	Improvement of noxious weed control on roadsides through implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
	2006/07	1	The integration of weed management GIS and council databases for weed control.
Benalla Rural City Council	2006/07	1	Employment of a part-time project officer for the development of a council weed management strategy.
Brimbank City Council	2005/06	1	Completion of weed mapping and development of a weed identification poster and booklet and the initiation of a community working group to conduct community weed management projects.
Campaspe Shire Council	2004/05	1	Development of a strategic weed management plan, and completion of weed mapping for addition onto current GIS data.
	2005/06	1	Implementation of council's pest plant management strategy developed during 2004/05.
Cardinia Shire Council	2004/05	2	Implementation and review of Cardinia Shire Council's integrated weed control program, including the running of weed management courses and administration of local law.
	2006/07	1	Introduction of pest plant threat matrix.
Central Goldfields Shire Council	2005/06	1	Mapping of weeds of the Central Goldfields Shire.
	2006/07	1	Completion of WeedStop vehicle hygiene training with implementation of a new project officer.
Colac-Otway Shire Council	2005/06	1	Trial implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system across the shire and boundary with Corangamite Shire Council.
Corangamite Shire Council	2004/05	3	Creation of an information booklet, and implementation of pest plant hygiene protocols and management procedures.
	2005/06	1	Trial implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system across the Shire and boundary with Colac-Otway Shire.
East Gippsland Shire Council	2006/07	1	Pest plant planning and strategic management with the development of a roadside weed management plan.
Frankston City Council	2006/07	1	Completion of strategic weed mapping and natural reserves management system, while running a community awareness campaign.
Gannawarra Shire Council	2005/06	1	The development of a weed resources kit including brochures, an education display and weed hygiene training workshops for council staff.
Golden Plains Shire Council	2004/05	1	Cooperative urban weed control with the creation of education material and the completion of weed mapping in partnership with Moorabool Shire Council.
	2005/06	1	Development and trial of local law in partnership with Moorabool Shire Council.
Greater Bendigo City Council	2004/05	1	The undertaking of community weed management training and the printing and distribution of field identification guides.
Hepburn Shire Council	2006/07	1	Implementation of vehicle hygiene procedures and training of all staff in the WeedStop vehicle hygiene program.
Horsham Rural City Council	2006/07	1	Completion of collaborative mapping and further distribution of pest plant WEEDeck information cards.
Hume City Council	2004/05	2	Integrated sustainable land management incentive scheme, incorporating the development of pest plant planning guidelines and management template in partnership with Mitchell Shire Council.
Indigo Shire Council	2004/05	2	Indigo's integrated weed management program, with development of best practice pest plant management plan, information brochure and implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
Kingston City Council	2004/05	1	Building community capacity to assist with weed management through delivery of workshops, and development of a framework for establishing a new community group.
Loddon Shire Council	2005/06	1	Implementation of shared project officer, and completion of pest plant mapping and strategy development.
Macedon Ranges Shire Council	2004/05	3	Development of mapping system and monitoring procedures, the creation of a roadside management plan and vendor statement and weed hygiene policy and procedures.
	2006/07	1	Implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
	2006/07	1	Central Victorian Weed Guide reprint partnership.
Manningham City Council	2004/05	1	Control of weeds on private land in Manningham City through introduction of a weed mapping system, weed information kits, and improvements to local laws.
Mansfield Shire Council	2006/07	1	Undertaking of WeedStop vehicle hygiene training for all council staff, implementation of pest plant hygiene procedures and production of educational material.
Maroondah City Council	2004/05	2	Jumping Creek community weed management program and production of pest plant information brochure, pest plant mapping and community information sessions.
Melton Shire Council	2006/07	1	Land management handbook including weed management information.
Mildura Rural City Council	2005/06	1	Creation of a Shire pest plant action plan with Swan Hill Rural City Council, and distribution of community education material.
	2006/07	1	Implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
Mitchell Shire Council	2004/05	3	Completion of weed hygiene training, development of partnerships with nurseries, and placement of weed management information onto council website.
	2006/07	1	Implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system and revision and printing of the Central Victorian Weed Guide.
	2006/07	1	Undertaking of WeedStop vehicle hygiene training.
Moira Shire Council	2006/07	1	Capacity building for local government – weed management procedure and practices. Completion and implementation of WeedStop vehicle hygiene training.
Moorabool Shire Council	2004/05	1	Creation of pest plant education material and completion of Shire mapping.
	2004/05	1	Development and trial of pest plant local law with Golden Plains Shire Council.
	2006/07	1	Production of a weed management field guide with Golden Plains Shire Council.
Mornington Peninsula Shire Council	2005/06	1	Completion of weed mapping and GIS database creation.
Mount Alexander Shire Council	2004/05	2	Development of pest plant mapping data into GIS layer, and creation and implementation of pest plant hygiene procedures. Presentation of management displays at local events with information placed on council website.
	2006/07	1	Central Victorian Weed Guide reprint and education material production.
Moyne Shire Council	2004/06	1	Creation of pest plant management brochure and running of community education program.
Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV)	2005/06	1	Retail garden centre environmental accreditation project: connecting councils and the nursery industry in association with SGA.
	2005/06	1	Victorian local government and weed management: case studies and resource guide.
Murrindindi Shire Council	2006/07	1	Roadside, rail trail and council weed mapping and Landcare extension project.
Nillumbik Shire Council	2004/05	2	Completion of council weed action plan, creation of information kit and the running of information events.
Pyrenees Shire Council	2006/07	1	Integration of pest plant mapping and vehicle hygiene into Council management practices.
Queenscliffe Borough Council	2006/07	1	Creation of local pest plant management laws, completion of pest plant mapping and production of education material.
Wangaratta Rural City Council	2004/05	2	Completion of pest plant mapping, creation of information brochure and implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
South Gippsland Shire Council	2005/06	1	Strategically manage noxious weeds and environmental roadside weeds through the development of a GIS database and completion of mapping.
Strathbogie Shire Council	2005/06	1	Development of a GPS weed mapping system to complement the Strathbogie Shire Council's land management program, including development of land management directory and information kit.
Swan Hill Rural City Council	2005/06	1	Distribution of education material to community and development of a council pest plant action plan with Mildura Rural City Council.
	2006/07	1	Implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system.
Towong Shire Council	2006/07	1	Community action and innovation to reduce spread of blackberry in the Upper Murray Catchment through voluntary community compliance.
Wellington Shire Council	2004/05	2	Wellington weed free – building community weed management capacity.
Whittlesea City Council	2004/05	2	Whittlesea local weed awareness and eradication program, featuring the running of weed management events and workshops.
	2005/06	1	Development of a tracking system for the City of Whittlesea's pest plant education and compliance program.
Wyndham City Council	2006/07	1	Production of an information sheet on the benefits of retaining native grasslands and its role in providing competition against weed invasion.
Yarra City Council	2005/06	1	Protecting urban bushland from garden escapees through the development of a pest plant local law and the promotion of the Weed Spotters program.
Yarra Ranges Shire Council	2006/07	1	Development of a sustainable neighbourhoods program for Minak Reserve Focus Group.
Yarriambiack Shire Council	2006/07	1	Completion of collaborative mapping with shared project officer, and further distribution of pest plant WEEDeck information cards.

 

Linear Reserve Managers	Year	Project Duration (yr)	Project
VicRoads	2004/05	3	Completion of weed awareness training and development of a weed identification guide for all staff and contractors.
	2004/05	2	Statewide review of weed mapping systems and processing, focusing on strategic use of GIS technology.
	2004/05	2	Chilean needle grass management trial.
	2004/05	1	State wide implementation of Greening Australia's EnviroMark roadside marking system to complement existing management practices.
VicTrack, Australian Rail Track Corporation, Connex, Pacific National	2004/05	3	Standardisation of vegetation management practices of rail land in Victoria.
	2004/05	1	Review of mapping systems and GIS process development.
Fodder Industry	Year	Project Duration (yr)	Project
Australian Fodder Industry Association	2005/06	1	Development of a code of practice.
	2005/06	1	Hay bale tagging system.
Australian Agricultural Contractors Association	2005/06	1	Weed spread prevention (WeedStop) training for fodder contractors.
Garden Industry	Year	Project Duration (yr)	Project
Nursery Garden IndustryVictoria (NGIV)	2005/06	1	Production of a 'Grow Me Instead' information booklet.
Sustainable Gardening Australia (SGA)	2005/06	1	Retail garden centre environmental accreditation project: connecting councils and the nursery industry, in association with MAV.

Index

Ararat Shire Council
Australian Agricultural Contractors Association
Australian Fodder Industry Association
Australian Rail Track Corporation
Baw Baw Shire Council
Corangamite Shire Council
Country Fire Authority
EnviroMark
Garden Industry Forum
Golden Plains Shire Council
Grant Participants & Projects
'Grow Me Instead' Booklet
Landscape Industries Association Victoria
Macedon Ranges Shire Council
Mildura Rural City Council
Moorabool Shire Council
Municipal Association of Victoria
North East Blackberry Action Group
Nursery and Garden Industry Victoria
Pacific National
Powercor
Publications
Square Hay Bale Tracking System
Sustainable Gardening Australia
Swan Hill Rural City Council
Towong Shire Council
Vehicle Hygiene
VicRoads
Victorian Rail Industry Environmental Forum
Weed Spread Prevention CoP
WeedStop
Yarra Ranges Shire Council

Acronyms

AACA Australian Agricultural Contractors Association

AFIA Australian Fodder Industry Association

ARTC Australian Rail Track Corporation

CaLP Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994

CFA Country Fire Authority

CMA Catchment Management Authority

CoP Code of Practice

DPI Department of Primary Industries

DOI Department of Infrastructure

DSE Department of Sustainability and Environment

GIS Geographic Information System

GHCMA Glenelg-Hopkins Catchment Management Authority

GPS Global Positioning System

HMA Horticultural Media Association (VIC) Inc.

LIAV Landscape Industries Association Victoria

MAV Municipal Association of Victoria

MIFGS Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show

NEBAG North East Blackberry Action Group

NECMA North East Catchment Management Authority

NGIV Nursery and Garden Industry Victoria

PN Pacific National

PPWMA Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment Management Authority

SGA Sustainable Gardening Australia

TWoPL Tackling Weeds on Private Land

VFF Victorian Farmers Federation

VRIEF Victorian Rail Industry Environmental Forum