References and Appendices
References
AFFA (2000). From plate to paddock: Turning the tables. Consumer-driven demands on global food chains and implications for Australia. Canberra, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia (AFFA), Commonwealth of Australian.
Barnett, J. L. and Hemsworth, P. H. (2009). Conceptual uncertainty in animal welfare assessment and the Laywel report. 20th Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium. Sydney, Poultry Research Organisation (University of Sydney) and the World's Poultry Science Association (Australian branch).
Consumers' Association (1997). Gene cuisine: A consumer agenda for genetically modified foods. London.
Cormick, C. (2007). "Public attitudes towards GM crops and foods." Agricultural Science 21(2): 24-30.
Cuthbertson, B. and Marks, N. (2007). Beyond credence? Emerging consumer trends in international markets. Melbourne, Department of Primary Industries, Agribusiness Group.
Gabriel, Y. and Lang, T. (1995). The unmaneagable consumer: Contemporary consumption and its fragmentation. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, Sage.
Grove-White, R., Macnaghten, P., Mayer, S. and Wynne, B. (1997). Uncertain world: Genetically modified organisms, food and public attitudes in Britain. Lancaster, Lancaster University.
Harris, J. and Cole, A. (2003). The role for government in ecolabelling - on the scenes or behind the scenes? The Future of Ecolabelling in Australia (conference), Australian National University, Canberra, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria.
Hay, M. and Coleman, G. (2004). Education in agriculture: Livestock farming, food production and food choices in pre-adolescence. Melbourne, William Buckland Foundation.
House of Lords (2000). Science and society. London, The House of Lords.
Irwin, A. (1995). Citizen science: A study of people, expertise, and sustainable development. London and New York, Routledge.
Irwin, A., Wynne, B. and (eds) (1996). Misunderstanding science? The public reconstruction of science and technology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Jasanoff, S. (1997). "Civilization and madness: The great BSE scare of 1996." Public Understanding of Science 6: 221-232.
Jasanoff, S. (1990) 'The fifth branch: Science advisors as policymakers.' Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England.
Klugman, M. (2006). Victorians' attitudes to farming: A literature review. Melbourne, Report produced for the Department of Primary Industries, AD Program 5.2 'connecting communities'.
Lowe, P., Clark, J., Seymour, S. and Ward, N. (1997). Moralizing the environment: Countryside change, farming and pollution. London, Bristol Pennsylvania, UCL Press.
Marris, C., Wynne, B., Simmons, P. and Weldon, S. (2001). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnologies in Europe. Paris, Final report of the PABE research project (Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnology in Europe), funded by the European Commission.
Myers, P., Coath, E., Cuthbertson, B., Balmer, C. and Balmer, B. (2004). Beyond price and quality: Understanding credence attributes of food products in Victoria's priority markets. Melbourne, Department of Primary Industries, Victoria, Agribusiness Group. .
NFF (2005). Farmers reach across the city-country divide [press release]. Canberra, National Farmers' Federation (NFF).
Parbery, P. (2004b). Complex consumer concerns and agricultural policy. Consultation paper produced for the Department of Primary Industries (Strategic Policy Unit), Victorian Government.
Parbery, P., Wilkinson, R. and Klugman, M. (2005). Urban-rural: Not such a divide? Producers, consumers and agriculture. Melbourne, Department of Primary Industries, Victorian Government.
Richards, C., Lawrence, G. and Kelly, N. (2005). "Beef production and the environment: Is it really 'hard to be green when you are in the red'?" Rural Society 15(2): 192-208.
Rickinson, M., Sanders, D., Benefield, P., Dillan, J. and Teamey, K. (2003). Improving the understanding of food, farming and land management amongst school-age children: A literature review. London, Research by National Foundation for Educational Research and King's College London, for the Department of Education and Skills.
Robin, L. (1993). The rise of ecological consciousness in Victoria: The Little Desert dispute, its context and consequences. Department of History and Philosophy of Science. Melbourne, The University of Melbourne Doctoral dissertation.
Robin, L. (1998). Defending the little desert: The rise of ecological consciousness in Australia. Melbourne, Melbourne University Press.
Sharp, J. S. and Tucker, M. (2005). "Awareness and concern about large-scale livestock and poultry: Results from a statewide survey of Ohioans." Rural Sociology 70(2): 208-28.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. and Lichtenstein, S. (1982). "Lay foibles and expert fables in judgements about risk." The American Statistician 36(No 3, part II).
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. and Lichtenstein, S. (1990). "Rating the risks". Readings in risk. T. Glickman and S. Stich. Washington DC.
Strong, L. (2010). We all have a steak in it. The Weekly Times. Victoria.
Willits, F. K. and Luloff, A. E. (1995). "Urban residents' views of rurality and contacts with rural places." Rural Sociology 60(3): 454-466.
Wimberley, R., Harris, C., Molnar, J. and Tomazic, T. (2002). The social risks of agriculture: Americans speak out on food, farming, and the environment. Westport, Connecticut & London, Praeger.
Worsley, A. (2000). "Consumers' concerns about food and health in Australia and New Zealand." Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9(1): 24-32.
Worsley, A. (2000a). "Food and consumers: Where are we heading?" Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 9((Suppl.)): S103-S107.
Wynne, B. (1993). "Public uptake of science: A case of institutional reflexivity." Public Understanding of Science 2: 321-37.
Wynne, B. (1995). "Public understanding of science". Handbook of science and technology studies. S. Jasanoff, G. E. Markle, J. C. Petersen, T. Pinch and (eds.). London / New Delhi, Sage: p361-388.
Wynne, B. (1996a). "Misunderstood misunderstandings: Social identities and the public uptake of science". in Misunderstanding science?: The public reconstruction of science and technology. A. Irwine and B. Wynne. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: p19-46.
Appendix 1. Public survey questionnaire
APRIL 2008
Good morning/afternoon/evening. My name is ... from Millward Brown an independent market research company, calling from Australia. We are conducting a survey on behalf of the Victorian Department of Primary Industries on people’s views on food, farming and the environment and would like to include the opinions of your household. Could I please speak to the
[IF NO MALES ASK:] Then may I please speak to the youngest female who is at home and aged 18 years or over?
[IF YOUNGEST MALE OR FEMALE NOT AVAILABLE, SPEAK TO ANYONE IN HOUSEHOLD AGED 18 YEARS OR OVER, ENSURING THEY ARE WITHIN QUOTAS]
[REPEAT INTRODUCTION IF NEW PERSON COMES TO THE PHONE]
SAY IF NECESSARY: Your replies will, of course, be treated in complete confidence.
SAY IF NECESSARY: This is solely for research purposes and we will not try to sell you anything afterwards.
SAY IF NECESSARY: Depending on your answers the survey will take approximately 18-20 minutes to complete.
Would you be willing to help? IF NO, ASK IF THERE IS ANYONE ELSE IN HOUSEHOLD WHO WOULD BE WILLING TO HELP.
During the course of this interview, my supervisor may listen to check the quality of my work.
SECTION 1: SCREENING & QUOTA
S1
Record Gender [CHECK QUOTAS]
| MALE | 1 |
| FEMALE | 2 |
S2
To ensure that we have a good cross-section of people, could you please tell me which of the following age groups you belong in? [READ OUT] [CHECK QUOTAS]
| 18-24 | 1 |
| 25-34 | 2 |
| 35-44 | 3 |
| 45-54 | 4 |
| 55-64 | 5 |
| 65-74 | 6 |
| 75 or over | 7 |
| [THANK & TERMINATE] - Don’t Know/ Refused | 8 |
S3
Which of the following best describes the area where you live? [READ OUT]
| Melbourne | 1 |
| A regional city | 2 |
| A rural town | 3 |
| A rural area | 4 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know/ Refused | 7 |
PLEASE NOTE THAT METRO/REGIONAL QUOTAS WILL BE TAKEN FROM THE SAMPLE NOT FROM THE RESPONDENTS SELF-CLASSIFICATION OF WHERE THEY LIVE.
SECTION 2: FOOD BEHAVIOUR
ALL RESPONDENTS
A2
When you are shopping for food, what things do you look for when choosing which food products or brands to buy? Please note that this includes all food purchases not just groceries.
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: What sort of qualities or factors do you consider when purchasing a particular product or brand?
IF MENTIONED QUALITY PROBE: What is it about the overall quality that you look for when choosing food products or brands to buy.
INTERVIEWER: PLEASE USE PRE-CODED RESPONSES WHERE POSSIBLE AND RECORD ANY OTHERS AS APPROPRIATE [DO NOT READ OUT] [ALLOW MULTIPLE RESPONSE] DP NOTE: DON’T KNOW RESPONSE TO BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
| Price/ Low price | 1 |
| Taste/ Flavour | 2 |
| Freshness of product or item | 3 |
| Overall quality NFI (PROBE) | 4 |
| Nutritious/ Healthy | 5 |
| Clean handling of food | 6 |
| Familiar brands/ Products | 7 |
| Convenience/ Quick and easy to prepare | 8 |
| No pesticides or artificial additives | 9 |
| Natural or unprocessed foods | 10 |
| Need to manage specific health conditions (diabetes etc…) | 11 |
| Needs of children | 12 |
| Suitable for vegetarians or vegans | 13 |
| Animal welfare issues | 14 |
| Environmental sustainability issues/ Ecological/ Carbon footprint/ Foodmiles |
15 |
| Australian made/ Not foreign made | 16 |
| Gourmet foods | 17 |
| Religious needs | 18 |
| Imported/ Made overseas | 18 |
| Organic or biodynamic foods | 22 |
| Other (Specify):_____________________ | 20 |
| Don’t know | 21 |
A3
I’m going to read a list of things that some people might look for when choosing which food products and brands to buy. For each I would like you to indicate how important this is to you personally using a scale of 1 to 5, where a 1 means that it is not at all important to you and 5 means it is extremely important to you.
Firstly, how would you rate the importance of [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT]? And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]?
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 5, where a 1 means you think it is not at all important to you up to a 5 which means you think it is extremely important to you, how important is this to you when choosing which foods to buy?
| ROTATE | Not at all important to you | Extremely important to you | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low price | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Taste | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Healthy and nutritious food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Freshness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Familiar brands or items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Foods that are quick and easy to prepare | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Avoid artificial additives or pesticides | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Organic or biodynamic | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Need to manage specific health conditions such as diabetes, food allergies and the like | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Needs of your children | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Foods that are suitable for vegetarians or vegans | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Animal welfare issues | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Environmental sustainability for example the ecological footprint of the food production and distribution system. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Australian made items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Gourmet food items | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Religious needs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
A4
Are you a vegetarian or vegan?
IF YES ASK: Is that a Vegetarian or a Vegan?
| Yes - Vegetarian | 1 |
| Yes – Vegan | 2 |
| No | 3 |
| Don’t know/ Refused | 4 |
QUESTION A5 DELETED
ALL RESPONDENTS
A6
Do you or does anyone else in your household eat eggs?
IF YES ASK: Is that you only or other people in your household only or both you and other people in your household?
| Yes – You only | 1 | ASK A8 |
| Yes – Other household members only | 2 | ASK A8 |
| Yes – Both you and others | 3 | ASK A8 |
| No | 4 | SKIP TO B1 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 5 | ASK A8 |
QUESTION A7 REMOVED
IF CODE 4 AT A6 SKIP TO B1, OTHERWISE ASK A8 & A9
A8
Where do you usually get your eggs from? READ OUT [SINGLE RESPONSE]
IF MORE THAN ONE RESPONSE GIVEN SAY: Which of these would you say you get your eggs from more often?
IF EQUALLY SAY: Well of these places where did you last get your eggs from?
[SINGLE RESPONSE]
| Supermarkets | 1 |
| A market stall | 2 |
| Some other shop or store | 3 |
| From chickens owned by you or someone you know | 4 |
| Direct from a farmer | 5 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 6 |
A9
QUESTION TEXT IF NOT CODE 4 AT A8
What kind of eggs do you usually buy?
QUESTION TEXT IF CODE 4 AT A8
If you had to buy your own eggs, what kind would you buy?
IF RESPONDENT NAMES A SPECIFIC BRAND OR PROVIDES AN UNCLEAR RESPONSE SAY: Can you tell me what features does that kind of egg have?
INTERVIEWER: PLEASE USE PRE-CODED RESPONSES WHERE POSSIBLE AND RECORD ANY OTHERS AS APPROPRIATE
[DO NOT READ OUT] [ALLOW MULTIPLE RESPONSE]
DP NOTE: DON’T KNOW/ NOTHING RESPONSE TO BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
| The cheapest | 1 |
| Freshly laid | 2 |
| A particular size (e.g. large) | 3 |
| Barn Laid or RSPCA eggs | 4 |
| Organic eggs | 5 |
| Free range eggs | 11 |
| Environmentally friendly eggs | 6 |
| Eggs with healthy properties (eg omega three, vitamins) | 7 |
| Eggs from grain-fed hens, vegetarian hens | 8 |
| Other (Specify) | 9 |
| Don’t know/nothing | 10 |
SECTION 3: ATTITUDES TO FARMING
ALL RESPONDENTS
B1
Using a scale where 1 means I have no knowledge at all and 5 means I have extensive knowledge, how much would you say you know about current farming practices in Australia?
| No knowledge | Extensive knowledge | Don’t Know [DO NOT READ] |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge of current farming practices in Australia | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
DP NOTE QUESTION B2 WILL BE MOVED TO THE START OF THE SURVEY
B2
Which one of the following best reflects your personal experience with farming? [READ OUT] [SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY]
DP NOTE: ADD TO FARMER QUOTA
| I currently live or work on a farm | 1 |
| I have worked on a farm in the past | 2 |
| I spent a substantial amount of time on a farm when growing up | 3 |
| I work or socialise with farmers | 4 |
| My work involves farming issues | 5 |
| I have had very little or no direct experience with farming | 6 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 7 |
ASK B3 & B4 IF CODES 1 OR 2 AT B2, OTHERWISE SKIP TO B7
B3
QUESTION TEXT IF CODE 1 AT B2
Would you describe the property that you live or work on as predominantly...? [READ OUT]
QUESTION TEXT IF CODE 2 AT B2
Would you describe the property that you worked on as predominantly...? [READ OUT]
IF MORE THAN ONE RESPONSE GIVEN SAY: Well which one of these would you say was the best description of the property?
[SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY]
| Dairying | 1 |
| Cropping | 2 |
| Grazing | 3 |
| Mixed cropping and grazing | 4 |
| Horticulture, including ornamental horticulture | 5 |
| Something else | 6 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 7 |
B4
QUESTION TEXT IF CODE 1 AT B2
Would you describe the farm that you live or work on as a hobby farm or a commercial farm?
QUESTION TEXT IF CODE 2 AT B2
Would you describe the farm that you worked on as a hobby farm or a commercial farm?
[SINGLE RESPONSE ONLY]
| Hobby | 1 |
| Commercial | 2 |
| Combination of hobby and commercial | 3 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 4 |
ASK B5, B6 & B6a IF CODE 1 AT B2, OTHERWISE SKIP TO B7
B5
Has any of the property that you currently are living or working on been irrigated in the last five years?
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Unsure/Don’t know | 3 |
B6
Is any intensive animal production undertaken on the property that you are currently living or working on?
IF UNSURE SAY: That is broiler chickens, pigs, beef feedlots etc.
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Unsure/Don’t know | 3 |
B6a
And is the farm that you are currently living or working on certified for organic production?
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Unsure/ Don’t know | 3 |
ALL RESPONDENTS
B7
What do you think makes a good farmer?
PROMPT: That is what is it that good farmers do that makes them good farmers?
PROBE: What else do you think makes a good farmer? Anything else?
PLEASE DO NOT ACCEPT VERY SHORT OR ONE WORD RESPONSES AND CLARIFY BY ASKING: Can you explain what you mean by that that a little bit more?
ALLOW DK & NULL
B8
I am interested in how you think farming should be in Australia and am going to read out a list of things that you might or might not think farming should contribute to society. Using a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 means not at all important to you and 10 means extremely important to you I’d like you to rate the importance of each of these potential contributions.
Firstly, how important to you is it that farming [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT]?
And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]?
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 10, where a 1 means you think it is not at all important to you up to a 10 which means you think it is extremely important to you, how important do you think this is for farming to contribute to society?
INTERVIEWER NOTE: PLEASE RECORD NUMERIC RESPONSE BETWEEN 1-10
ALLOW DK RESPONSE FOR DON’T KNOW
| ROTATE | Not at all important | Extremely important | Don’t Know | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provides cheap food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides healthy and nutritious food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides food that tastes good | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides safe food, that is food that is safe to eat | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Makes a major contribution to the economy | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides a good living for farmers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Treats animals humanely | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Actively improves biodiversity and environmental sustainability | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides an attractive landscape | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
QUESTION B9 REMOVED
B10
And thinking about the same list of contributions to society that farming may or may not make, I would now like you to consider whether or not you think farming in Australia currently does achieve these things. Please note that when I talk about farming I mean conventional farming as done by most Australian farmers. Please use a scale of 1-10 where 1 means that farming fails completely to achieve it and 10 means that farming succeeds completely to achieve it.
Firstly do you think farming in Australia [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT]?
And do you think farming in Australia [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]?
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 10, where a 1 means you think farming fails completely to achieve this up to a 10 which means you think farming succeeds completely to achieve this.
INTERVIEWER NOTE: PLEASE RECORD NUMERIC RESPONSE BETWEEN 1-10
ALLOW DK RESPONSE FOR DON’T KNOW
| ROTATE IN SAME ORDER AS B8 | Fails completely | Succeeds completely | Don’t Know | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provides cheap food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides healthy and nutritious food | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides food that tastes good | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides safe food, that is food that is safe to eat | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Makes a major contribution to the economy | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides a good living for farmers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Treats animals humanely | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Actively improves biodiversity and environmental sustainability | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| Provides an attractive landscape | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
B11
Using a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree can you tell me how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about farming issues?
Firstly, [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT]...
And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]...
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree how strongly do you agree with this statement about farming issues?
| ROTATE | Strongly Disagree | Strongly Agree | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| More farmers should use organic production methods | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Left to themselves, most farmers would treat animals humanely | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| More water should be used to keep the rivers healthy instead of for farm irrigation. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Left to themselves, most farmers would protect the environment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Genetic modification should not be used in farming | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| There is too much government regulation of farming | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Live animal exports from Australia should be banned | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Fertilisers, pesticides and other farm chemicals are not a threat to the environment if used as directed. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
B12
Thinking about any concerns that you may have had about farming issues. Which of the following types of actions, if any, have you ever taken in response to a concern about farming issues? [READ OUT]
IF UNCLEAR ON WHAT FARMING ISSUES ARE SAY: These are the issues relating to farming that we have just been talking about.
[MULTIPLE RESPONSES ALLOWED]
DP NOTE: PLEASE MAKE THE “NONE OF THE ABOVE” AND “DON’T KNOW” RESPONSES MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
| Tried to convince people you know to take a particular position about the farming and environmental issues we’ve been talking about? | 1 |
| Changed your shopping behaviour, for example by boycotting a company or product? | 2 |
| Attended a protest or written a letter to the newspaper or to your Member of Parliament? | 3 |
| None of the above | 5 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 6 |
IF CODE 5 OR 6 (NONE OR DK) IN B12 SKIP TO C1 OTHERWISE ASK B13a
B13a
What is the ONE principal concern about farming issues that caused you to take action?
IF RESPONDENT INITIALLY IS UNSURE OR HAS NO CONCERN SAY: Well what do you think was the reason why you took action in that way?
PLEASE DO NOT ACCEPT VERY SHORT OR ONE WORD RESPONSES AND CLARIFY BY ASKING: Can you explain what you mean by that that a little bit more?
IF UNSURE WHETHER RESPONDENT IS FOR OR AGAINST AN ISSUE CLARIFY BY SAYING: So are you for or against that issue or concern?
QUESTION B14 REMOVED
SECTION 4: ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL GROUPS
ALL RESPONDENTS
C1
Now I’d like you to think about the different groups in society that might have some influence over farming practices in Australia. I am going to read out the names of different groups and organisations and I would like to know how much influence you think each of these groups should have on farming practices in the future. Please use a scale from 1 to 5 where a 1 means they should have no influence over farming practices, and a 5 means they should have a very strong influence over farming practices. Please note that by farming practices I mean what farmers do on their farms from day-to-day.
Firstly how much influence do you think [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT] should have over farming practices in Australia?
And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]...
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale from 1 to 5 where a 1 means they should have no influence over farming practices, and a 5 means they should have a very strong influence over farming practices how much influence do you think this group or organisation should have over Australian farming practices?
| ROTATE | No influence | Very strong influence | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual farmers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Farming organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Environmental groups | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Animal rights groups | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Consumers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Consumer organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Supermarkets | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Farm chemical and biotechnology companies PROMPT IF NECESSARY: I mean companies such as Monsanto, Novartis and DuPont. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Government departments both Federal and State | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| The CSIRO | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
C2
I’m now going to go through the same list. This time, can you tell me how much influence you think each of these groups actually do currently have on farming practices. Please use a scale of 1 to 5 where a 1 means they actually have no influence over farming practices and a 5 means they actually have a very strong influence over farming practices.
Firstly how much influence do you think [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT] actually have over farming practices in Australia?
And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]...
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale from 1 to 5 where a 1 means they actually have no influence over farming practices, and a 5 means they actually have a very strong influence over farming practices how much influence do you think this group or organisation actually have over Australian farming practices?
| ROTATE IN SAME ORDER AS C1 | No influence | Very strong influence | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual farmers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Farming organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Environmental groups | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Animal rights groups | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Consumers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Consumer organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Supermarkets | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Farm chemical and biotechnology companies PROMPT IF NECESSARY: I mean companies such as Monsanto, Novartis and DuPont. |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Government departments both Federal and State | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| The CSIRO | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
C3
Now thinking about groups and organisations that may be seen as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture. I am going to read out a list of groups and organisations and I would like you to rate how much you would trust each of these as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture. Please use a scale of 1 to 5 where a 1 means you would have no trust in that group or organisation and a 5 means you would have complete trust in that group or organisation.
Firstly how much would you trust [INSERT FIRST ORGANISATION] as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture?
And how much would you trust [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN] as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture?
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 5 where a 1 means you would have no trust in that group or organisation and a 5 means you would have complete trust in that group or organisation.
| ROTATE | No trust | Complete trust | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farmer organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Environmental organisations | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| The Department of Primary Industries, that is the Victorian State Government Department that deals with agriculture | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| The Department of Sustainability and Environment, that is the Victorian State Government Department that deals with the environment | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Supermarkets | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Farm chemical and biotechnology companies PROMPT IF NECESSARY: I mean companies such as Monsanto, Novartis and DuPont. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
C4
Using of 1 to 5 where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree can you tell me how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about farming issues?
Firstly, [INSERT FIRST STATEMENT]...
And how about [INSERT REMAINING STATEMENTS IN TURN]...
PROMPT IF NECESSARY: Using a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 means strongly disagree and 5 means strongly agree how strongly do you agree with this statement about farming issues?
| ROTATE | Strongly Disagree | Strongly Agree | Don’t know [DO NOT READ] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The benefits of new technology in farming are greater than any harmful effects. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| I am concerned about environmental issues. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Australia would be better off with more large and corporate farms. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Global free trade in farm produce is a good thing. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| Present farming methods are polluting our water supplies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| I would be willing to eat genetically modified foods | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| I am concerned about global warming | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
SECTION 5: INVOLVEMENT WITH FARMING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
ALL RESPONDENTS
D1
Have you been a member of an environmental or conservation group or organisation within the past five years?
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 3 |
D2
Have you been a member of a farming group or organisation within the past five years?
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know | 3 |
SECTION 6: DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS
ALL RESPONDENTS
Finally, just a few questions about you to ensure that we have been talking to a good cross section of people.
E1
Firstly, which of the following best describes your household structure…?
[READ OUT] [SINGLE RESPONSE]
| Two parent family | 1 |
| Couple, no children | 2 |
| Couple, children no longer at home | 8 |
| Single parent family | 3 |
| Single person household | 4 |
| Group household | 5 |
| Other (specify) | 6 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know/ Refused | 7 |
ASK E2 IF CODES 1, 3, 5, 6 OR 7 IN E1, OTHERWISE SKIP TO E3a
E2
And which of the following applies to your household?
In your household there are [READ OUT]...
[MULTIPLE RESPONSE ALLOWED]
DP: NO CHILDREN & DON’T KNOW/ REFUSED TO BE MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE
|
Children younger than school age |
1 |
|
Children attending primary school |
2 |
|
Children attending secondary school |
3 |
|
Children no longer in school |
4 |
|
No children in the household |
5 |
|
[DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know/ Refused |
6 |
E3a
What is your current occupation - the position? [SINGLE RESPONSE]
INTERVIEWER USE OCCUPATION HELP SHEET TO ASSIST IN CORRECTLY RECORDING RESPONDENT’S OCCUPATION
DP NOTE: ONLY DISPLAY BOLD RESPONSE TEXT IN BOLD IN CATI SCRIPT
| Managers/ Administrators (General Managers, Specialist Managers, Farmers and Farm Managers, Managers, Legislators and Members of Parliament etc.) | 1 | |
| Professionals (Doctors, Dentists, Teachers, Building Professionals, Engineers, Draftsmen, Consultants, Computer Programmers, Fitness Instructors, Business Professionals, Social Professionals, Artists etc.) | 2 | |
| Para professionals (Nurses, Pilots, Defence Force Employees, Army, Police, Ambulance Officers, Prison Officers, Coordinators, Inspectors, Supervisors, Technical Officers, Technicians, Production Planners, Insurance Assessors, IT, Computing etc.) | 3 | |
| Clerical (Tellers, Receptionists, Telephonists, Secretarial, Clerical Workers, Teachers Aids, Administration, Postmen etc.) | 4 | |
| Salespersons/ Personal service workers (Customer Services, Sales Representatives, Sales Assistants, Investment, Insurance/Real Estate/Property Development Salespersons, Real Estate Agents, Insurance Brokers, Carers, Travel Representatives, Stockbrokers, Tele-Marketing, Waiters/Barpersons, Insurance Underwriters, Bookkeepers etc.) | 5 | |
| Tradespersons (Metal and Machining Tradespersons, Electrical and Electronics Tradespersons, Building Tradespersons, Printing Tradespersons, Vehicle Tradespersons, Food Tradespersons, Apprentices, Bricklayers, Landscape Gardeners, Maintenance Workers, Animal Trainers etc.) | 6 | |
| Plant & Machinery operators (Road and Rail Transport Drivers, Machine operators, Factory Workers, Fire Fighters etc.) | 7 | |
| Labourers & related workers (Trades Assistants, Factory Hands, Agricultural Labourers, Building Labourers, Mining Labourers, Gardeners, Cleaners, Storemen, Handymen, Concreters, Security Guards, Fishermen etc.) | 8 | |
| Student | 9 | |
| Unemployed | 10 | |
| Retired | 11 | |
| Home Duties | 12 | |
| Other (Specify) | 13 | |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know/ Refused | 14 | |
E4
What is the highest level of education you reached? [READ OUT IF NECESSARY]
| Primary | 1 |
| Secondary (including Leaving Certificate) | 2 |
| Trade Certificate/ Diploma | 3 |
| Degree | 4 |
| Post Graduate | 5 |
| Other (specify) | 6 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t know/ Refused | 7 |
E5
And finally which of the following BEST describes your annual household income before tax? [READ OUT]
| Up to $20,000 | 1 |
| $20,000 - $40,000 | 2 |
| $40,000 - $60,000 | 3 |
| $60,000 - $80,000 | 4 |
| $80,000 - $100,000 | 5 |
| More than $100,000 | 6 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Don’t Know/ Not Sure | 7 |
| [DO NOT READ OUT] Refused | 8 |
CLOSE
ALL RESPONDENTS
Just to remind you my name is... from Millward Brown Australia. Could I please have your name so that we can re-contact you if necessary as part of our quality control to validate that this interview actually took place?
| Yes | 1 |
| No | 2 |
IF YES TO RECONTACT
May I please have your NAME? RECORD NAME.
Once the validation period has finished, please be assured that your name and contact details will be removed from your responses to this survey. After that time we will no longer be able to identify the responses provided by you. However, for the period that your name and contact details remain with your survey responses, which will be approximately 3 months, you will be able to contact us and to request you have access to your information.
IF YES TO RECONTACT
| Number is CORRECT | 1 |
| Number is WRONG | 2 |
IF WRONG TO DIALED NUMBER
Please can I have the correct telephone number to re-contact you on?
INTERVIEWER: RECORD NUMBER WITH AREA CODE, NO SPACES OR DASHES & LEADING ZERO
PHONE: __________________________
ALL RESPONDENTS
As this is market research, it is carried out in compliance with the Privacy Act. The information you provided will be used only for research purposes. As mentioned earlier this research was conducted on behalf of the Victorian Department of Primary Industries.
THAT'S THE END OF THE INTERVIEW, THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR HELP.
PLEASE BE ASSURED THIS IS GENUINE MARKET RESEARCH.
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUERIES, YOU CAN CALL MY SUPERVISOR ON (xx) xxxx-xxxx OR CALL THE MARKET RESEARCH SOCIETY'S SURVEY LINE ON 1300 364 830
INTERVIEWER I certify this is a true, accurate and complete interview, conducted in accordance with IQCA standards and the ICC/ESOMAR code of conduct. I also agree to hold in confidence and not disclose to any other person the content of this questionnaire or any other information relating to this project.
Appendix 2. Composite indicator variables
Several composite variables (sometimes called ‘scales’) were constructed. Each composite variable is calculated as the mean of its constituent variables. The use of composite variables increases the robustness of the measures. Where the value of a constituent variable is missing the mean of the remaining variables is calculated.
Importance of animal welfare (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.49)
- A3 Importance of animal welfare issues when choosing which food products and brands to buy (scale 1 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- B8 Importance of farming treating animals humanely (rescaled from 0.5 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- B11 Live animal exports from Australia should be banned (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
Importance of environmental sustainability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.68)
- A3 Importance of environmental sustainability when choosing which food products and brands to buy (scale 1 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- B8 Importance of farming actively improving biodiversity and environmental sustainability (rescaled to range from 0.5 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- C4 I am concerned about environmental issues (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- C4 I am concerned about global warming (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
Trust farmers to act on animal welfare and environmental sustainability without coercion (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.72)
- B10 Rating of whether farming treats animals humanely (rescaled to range from 0.5 “fails completely” to 5 “succeeds completely”)
- B10 Rating of whether farming actively improves biodiversity and environmental sustainability (rescaled to range from 0.5 “fails completely” to 5 “succeeds completely”)
- B11 Left to themselves, most farmers would treat animals humanely (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- B11 Left to themselves, most farmers would protect the environment (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
(Strictly, the two animal welfare trust items were averaged, the two environmental sustainability trust items were averaged, then an average of the two averages was calculated. We did this to avoid possible skewing of the distribution of the composite variable by a missing value.)
Pro-organics (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.61)
- A3 Importance of avoiding artificial additives or pesticides when choosing which food products and brands to buy (scale 1 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- A3 Importance of organic or biodynamic foods when choosing which food products and brands to buy (scale 1 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- B11 More farmers should use organic production methods (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
Anti-genetic modification (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.63)
- B11 Genetic modification should not be used in farming (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- C4 I would be willing to eat genetically modified foods (reversed: scale 1 “strongly agree” to 5 “strongly disagree”)
Support farmers (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.57)
- B8 Importance of farming providing a good living for farmers (rescaled to range from 0.5 “not at all important” to 5 “extremely important”)
- B11 There is too much government regulation of farming (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- C1 How much influence do you think farming organisations should have over Australian farming practices (scale 1 “no influence” to 5 “very strong influence”)
- Composite variable calculated from C1 How much influence do you think farming organisations should have over Australian farming practices and C2 How much influence do you think farming organisations actually have over Australian farming practices (scaled from 1 “should have no influence but actually have very strong influence” to 5 “should have very strong influence but actually have no influence”)
- C3 How much would you trust farming organisations as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture (scale 1 “no trust” to 5 “complete trust”)
Support big farms, free trade, new technology (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.52)
- C4 Australia would be better off with more large and corporate farms (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- C4 The benefits of new technology in farming are greater than any harmful effects (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
- C4 Global free trade in farm produce is a good thing (scale 1 “strongly disagree” to 5 “strongly agree”)
Support government (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.71)
- C1 How much influence do you think government departments both federal and state should have over Australian farming practices (scale 1 “no influence” to 5 “very strong influence”)
- Composite variable calculated from C1 How much influence do you think government departments both federal and state should have over Australian farming practices and C2 How much influence do you think government departments both federal and state actually have over Australian farming practices (scaled from 1 “should have no influence but actually have very strong influence” to 5 “should have very strong influence but actually have no influence”)
- C3 How much would you trust the Department of Primary Industries as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture (scale 1 “no trust” to 5 “complete trust”)
- C3 How much would you trust the Department of Sustainability and Environment as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture (scale 1 “no trust” to 5 “complete trust”)
Support supermarkets and chemical and biotechnology companies (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.81)
- C1 How much influence do you think supermarkets should have over Australian farming practices (scale 1 “no influence” to 5 “very strong influence”)
- C1 How much influence do you think farm chemical and biotechnology companies should have over Australian farming practices (scale 1 “no influence” to 5 “very strong influence”)
- Composite variable calculated from C1 How much influence do you think supermarkets should have over Australian farming practices and C2 How much influence do you think supermarkets actually have over Australian farming practices (scaled from 1 “should have no influence but actually have very strong influence” to 5 “should have very strong influence but actually have no influence”)
- Composite variable calculated from C1 How much influence do you think farm chemical and biotechnology companies should have over Australian farming practices and C2 How much influence do you think farm chemical and biotechnology companies actually have over Australian farming practices (scaled from 1 “should have no influence but actually have very strong influence” to 5 “should have very strong influence but actually have no influence”)
- C3 How much would you trust supermarkets as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture (scale 1 “no trust” to 5 “complete trust”)
- C3 How much would you trust farm chemical and biotechnology companies as a source of information about the environmental impact of agriculture (scale 1 “no trust” to 5 “complete trust”)
« Victorians' Attitudes to Farming
